Using Google Advanced
To search the whole web use the interface as it is and type in your search terms.
If you are searching a specific phrase (for example: "acquired immune deficiency syndrome") use the field "this exact wording or phrase".
If you are searching for something with more than one synonym (e.g. car or automobile) use the fields "one or more of these words" – these fields will then search for both the terms car OR automobile and Google will combine them both.
If there is a very common term such as bass (for a type of guitar) and also for a fish, you can remove the false hits for the fish by typing 'fish' in the field "Don't show any pages that have any of these unwanted words". Be careful when using this as it could also remove good hits if you're not careful.
You can further limit your search if you are still getting too many hits that are not relevant by searching only for an exact file type (e.g. PDF) or within certain dates, or within specific domains (e.g. if you are searching for a specific document from the Irish Government, you could limit your search to the domain type '.i.e.' or within the specific government site "gov.ie". Again be careful with this or you might miss something useful also.
Other tips:
Narrow down your search term if you're getting too many hits
Watch out for other spellings
Watch out for other synonyms (you might see these in the keywords of useful articles) and use those too

